Modelling Motivational Techniques with Teachers' Job satisfaction in Private Secondary Schools
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31098/ijtaese.v4i1.752Keywords:
Job Satisfaction, Motivation, Private Schools, Techniques, TeachersAbstract
Human needs have generally been accepted as one of the essential components of institutional success. Private schools have surpassed public schools in Nigeria at all levels in terms of numbers and performance outcomes, yet their teachers' job satisfaction has been an issue of concern. This study, therefore, modeled the perceived motivational techniques adopted and their relationship with teachers' job satisfaction. The non-experimental survey design was adopted. Two hundred and fifty participants were randomly selected from a population of 700. The researcher-designed questionnaires called motivational techniques, and teachers' job satisfaction scales were used for data collection. Factor analysis was carried out to estimate construct validity, while Cronbach Alpha was used to ascertain the instruments’ internal consistency (r=0.842 & r=0.958). Results showed that income, promotion, working conditions, and recognition influence private teachers' job satisfaction. Also, income significantly relates to job satisfaction. For practice, private school administrators should design policies using the model to promote teachers' satisfaction, thus facilitating the better performance of students and teachers.
References
Aggarwal, A. (2005). Liberation Technology Policies and Acquisition of Technological Capabilities. Paris: UNESCO.
Albee J. J. & Piveral, J. A. (2003). Management process for defining and monitoring teacher Dispositions. International Journal of Educational Management, 17(7), 346–356.
Ali, A. Y. S. Ali, A. A. & Adan, A. A. (2013). Working conditions and employees’ productivity in manufacturing companies in sub-Saharan African context: Case of Somalia. Educational Research International, 2(2), 67-78. http://www.erint.savap.org.pk/PDF/Vol.2(2)/ERInt.2013(2.2-09).pdf
Ali, R. & Ahmed, M. S. (2009). The impact of reward and recognition programmes on employee’s motivation and satisfaction: an empirical study. International Review of Business Research Papers, 5, 270-279.
Alimi, O. S., Ehinola, G. B., & Alabi, F. O. (2012). School Types, Facilities and Academic Performance of Students in Senior Secondary Schools in Ondo State, Nigeria. International Education Studies, 5(3), 44-48. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1066877.pdf
Asif, I., Fakhra, A., Tahir, F., & Shabbir, A. (2016). Relationship between teachers’ job satisfaction and students’ academic performance. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 65, 335-344 http://dx.doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2016.65.19
Awodiji, O. A. (2018). Staff development policies, practices, and lecturers’ job performance in Nigerian and Pakistani Universities. (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis) University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Barton, G. M. (2002). Recognition at work. Scottsdale: World at Work.
Bagozzi, R. P. & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.
Bernaus, M., Wilson, A. & Gardner, R. C. (2008). Teachers’ motivation, classroom strategy use, students’ motivation and second language achievement. Jpoosrét Am Lainnugeula Vruemz, 12, 25-36. DOI:10.3082827/digibug.31869
Besterfield, D., Besterfield-Michna, C., Besterfield, G., Besterfield-Sacre, M., Urdhwareshe, H., & Urdhwareshe, R. (2011). Total Quality Management. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley
Bonney, E. A., Amoah, D. F., Micah, S. A., Ahiamenyo, C., & Lemaire, M. B. (2015). The relationship between the quality of teachers and pupils academic performance in the STMA junior high schools of the Western Region of Ghana. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(24), 139-150 https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1078818.pdf
Campbellsville University (2019). Teacher role models: How to help students who need it most. https://online.campbellsville.edu/education/teacher-role-models/
Chin, W. W. (2010). How to write up and report PLS analyses. In V. E. Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications: Vol. 2. Springer handbooks of computational statistics series (pp. 655– 690).
Fatima F. & Ali, S. (2016). The impact of teachers' financial compensation on their job satisfaction at the higher secondary level. Journal of Socialomics, 5,164. doi:10.41 72/2167-0358.1000164.
Fatwa, T. & Dessy, P. (2016). The Roles of Teachers’ Work Motivation and Teachers’ Job Satisfaction in the Organizational Commitment in Extraordinary Schools; Indonesia., International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 33(1), 22-55
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F., (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (1), 39-50.
Grund, C. & Sliwka, D. (2006). Performance pay and risk aversion, IZA Discussion Paper No. 2012, Bonn.
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). European Business Review, 26(2), 106-121. DOI: doi:10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7thed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed, a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–151.
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2012). Partial least squares: The better approach to structural equation modelling? Long Range Planning, 45(5–6), 312–319.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. & Sarstedt, M.A. (2016), Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Halepota, H. (2015). Motivational theories and their application in construction. Cost Engineering, 47(3), 14-35. https://scinapse.io/papers/83390230
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modelling in international marketing. In R. R. Sinkovics & P. N. Ghauri (Eds.), New challenges to international marketing: Advances in international marketing 20, pp. 277–319). Bingley: Emerald Group.
Henseler, J., Dijkstra, T. K., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Diamantopoulos, A., Straub, D. W., Ketchen, D. J., Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., & Calantone, R. J. (2014). Common beliefs and reality about partial least squares: Organizational Research Methods, 17(2), 182–209.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modelling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115–135.
Hamermesh, D. S. (2004). Subjective Outcomes in Economics. Southern Economic Journal 71: 2 – 11.
Haruddin, A., Gani, M., Sinring, B., & Arifin, Z. (2017). Motivation, competence and organisational commitment’s effect on lecturers’ job satisfaction and lecturers’ performance IRA. International Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 6(3), 419-428.
Herzberg, F. (1959). The motivation to work. New York: John Wiley & Son.
Ingersoll, R. M. (2003). Teacher turnover, teacher shortages and organisational analysis. America educational Research Journal, 38, 499-534.
Iqbal, H., Muzammil, M., Mushtaq, S., Rehman, M. & Mushtaq, S. (2018). Influence of salary package and promotion opportunities on job satisfaction: A study on the employees of the retail sector in Pakistan. Journal of Marketing and H.R., 8(1), 453.
Jonathan, H., Darroux, C. & Thibeti, M. (2013). Exploring the effect of job satisfaction and demographic factors on affective, normative and continuance commitment: An empirical evidence of public secondary school teachers in Tanzania. Journal of Education and Practice, 4(23), 85–96.
Kalagbor, L. D. (2016). An analysis of factors influencing students’ academic performance in public and private secondary schools in Rivers State-Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(28), 96-101. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1118548.pdf
Karavas, E. (2010). How satisfied are Greek EFL teachers with their work? Investigating the motivation and job satisfaction levels of Greek EFL teachers. Porta Linguarum, 14, 59-78.
Katou, A. A. (2008). Measuring the impact of HRM on Organisational performance. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 1(2), 119-142.
Leithwood, K. (2006). Teachers working conditions that matter: evidence for change. University of Toronto, Federation of Ontario. https://www.edcan.ca/wp-content/uploads/EdCan-2007-v47-n2-Leithwood.pdf
Maurice, B. W. (2015). The influence of motivation strategies on teachers’ job satisfaction in public primary schools in Bungoma EAST Sub County, Kenya. Master Dissertation, University of Nairobi, Kenya.
Merrimack College, (2020). The importance of teachers in our society. https://online.merrimack.edu/importance-of-teachers/
McCausland, W. D., Pouliakas, K., & Theodossiou, I. (2005). Some are punished and some are rewarded: a study of the impact of performance pay on job satisfaction. International Journal of Manpower, 26(7/8), 636-659. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720510628112
Miceli, M. P. & Mulvey, P. W. (2000). Consequences of satisfaction with payment systems. Industrial Relations, 39, 62 – 87. https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/7250183.pdf
Muhammad, I., Sayed, F. A., Nadir, K., Yasser K., Zahid, M. A., Muhammad, K. S., & Abdul, K. (2012). Influencing factors of job satisfaction in a technical organisation. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 4(3), 172-179, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325069954_Influencing_Factors_of_Job_Satisfaction_in_TechnicalOrganization
Munawar, S., Malik, M., & Qayyam Ch, A. (2020). Head teachers' motivational techniques and elementary school teachers' performance in urban and rural areas of district Sheikhupura. Journal of Educational Research, 23(1), 62-72. http://jer.iub.edu.pk/journals/JER-Vol-23.No-1/4.pdf
Malik M. E., Danish, R. Q. & Munir, Y. (2012). The impact of pay and promotion on job satisfaction: Evidence from higher education institutes of Pakistan. American Journal of Economics; DOI: 10.5923/j.economics.20120001.02. Special Issue: 6-9.
Mustapha, N. (2013). Influence of Financial Reward on Job Satisfaction among Academic Staffs at Public Universities in Kelantan, Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Research, 4(3), 244- 248.
Nadim, M., Chaudhry, M. S., Kalyar, M. N., & Riaz, T. (2012). Effects of Motivational Factors on Teachers’ Job Satisfaction: A Study on Public Sector Degree Colleges of Punjab, Pakistan. The Journal of Commerce, 4 (4), 25-32.
Nyagaya, P. A. (2015). Factors influencing teachers level of job satisfaction in Kayole division, Embakasi Sub country in Kenya. Master Dissertation. Nairobi University, Kenya.
Nyarko, K., Akenten, W., & Abdul-Nasiru, I. (2013). Teachers’ Promotion of Creativity in Basic Schools. American Journal of Social and Management Science, 4(2): 63-70.
Odia, L. O.; Omofonmwan, S. I. (2007). Educational system in Nigeria: Problems and prospects. Journal of Social Sciences, 14(1), 86-95. doi:10.1080/09718923.2007.11978347
Okoye, C. U. (2021, January 29). Nigeria: The Deterioration in Our Educational System. ThisDay Newspaper. https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/01/29/the-deterioration-in-our-educational-system/
Ololube, N. (2006). Teachers Job Satisfaction and Motivation for School Effectiveness and Assessment (pp. 60-87). The University of Helsinki, Organizational Culture and Climate, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Orodho, A. J. & Waweru, P. N. (2013). Basic Education in Kenya: Focus on Strategies Applied to Cope with School-Based Challenges Inhibiting Effective Implementation of Curriculum. International Journal of Education and Research, 11(1), 70-95.
Paarsch, H. J. & Shearer, B. (2000). Piece rates, fixed wages, and incentive effects: Statistical evidence from payroll records. International Economic Review 41: 59-92.
Popoola, S. O. (2009). Organisational commitment of records management personnel in Nigerian private universities. Records Management Journal, 19 (3), 204 – 217. DOI:10.1108/09565690910999193
Ramayah, T., Jantan M. & Tadisina, S. K. (2001). Job satisfaction: Empirical evidence for alternatives to JDI. 32nd Annual Meeting of Decision Sciences Institute Conference, Track OB2, San Francisco: USA.
Raziqa, A., & Maulabakhsha, R. (2015). Impact of Working Environment on Job Satisfaction. Procedia Economics and Finance, 23, 717 – 725. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00524-9
Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M. & Straub, D. (2012). A critical look at the use of PLS-SEM. MIS Quarterly (MISQ), 36 (1).
Robbins, S. P. (2000). Organisational behaviour: Concepts, controversies, and applications (5th Ed.). London: Prentice Hall International, Inc.
Salami S. O. (2008). Demographic and psychological factors predict organisational commitment among industrial workers. Anthropologist, 10 (1), 31–38.
Sargent, T. & Hannum, E. (2005). Keeping teachers happy: job satisfaction among primary school teachers in rural Northwest China. Comparative Education Review, 49(2), 173-204.
Sharma, R. D. & Jyoti, J. (2009). Job satisfaction of university teachers: An empirical study. Journal of Services Research, 9(2), 51-79.
Tasnim, S. (2006). Job Satisfaction among female teachers: A study on Primary Schools in Bangladesh. Department of Administration and Organizations Theory: University of Bergen Norway.
Teo, T. S. H., Srivastava, S. C., Jiang, L. (2008). Trust and electronic government success: An empirical study. Journal of Management Information Systems, 25(3), 99–132. doi:10.2753/mis0742-1222250303
Toropova, A., Myrberg, E. & Johansson, S. (2021), Teacher job satisfaction: The importance of school working conditions and teacher characteristics, Educational Review, 73(1), 71-97, DOI: 10.1080/00131911.2019.1705247
Ubom, I. U. (2001). Value orientation needs satisfaction and job performance of public servants in Akwa Ibom State. PhD dissertation, University of Calabar, Nigeria.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization – International Institute for Capacity Building in Africa 2017.
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0025/002599/259935e.pdf
Uwe, J. (2006). A note on efficiency wage theory and principal-agent theory. Bulletin of Economic Research, 58, 235 – 52.
Wolhuter, C., Walt, H. V., Potgieter, F., Meyer, L. Mamiala, T. (2012). What inspires South African student teachers for their future profession? South African Journal of Education, 32(2), 178-190, http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/saje/v32n2/05.pdf
Yusuf, A. H., & Aliyu, M. (2013). Impact of job design on lecturers’ job satisfaction in Kaduna Polytechnic. International Journal of Human Resource Management and Research (IJHRMR), 3(4), 49-60. http://www.tjprc.org/publishpapers/--1379058462-7.%20Human%20Resources%20-%20IJHRMR%20%20-Impact%20of%20-%20Yusuf%20Alhaji%20Hashim%20-%20Full.pdf
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Omotayo AWODIJI, Josiah Owolabi, Abbas Rizvi Riffat, Paul Kobina Effrim
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Content Licensing, Copyright, and Permissions
1. License
International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education has CC-BY NC or an equivalent license as the optimal license for the publication, distribution, use, and reuse of scholarly work for non-commercial purpose. The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Creative Commons License
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author(s), has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author(s).
3. User Rights
International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education objective is to disseminate articles published are as free as possible. Under the Creative Commons license, this journal permits users to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work for non-commercial purposes only. Users will also need to attribute authors and this journal on distributing works in the journal.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain the following rights:
Copyright, and proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
The right to use the substance of the article in future own works, including lectures and books, The right to reproduce the article for own purposes, The right to self-archive the article, the right to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the article's published version (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal (International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education).
The author has a non-exclusive publishing contract with a publisher and the work is published with a more restrictive license, the author retains all the rights to publish the work elsewhere, including commercially, because she/he is not subject to the conditions of her / his own license, regardless of the type of CC license chosen.
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was jointly prepared by other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
6. Termination
This agreement can be terminated by the author or International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education upon two months’ notice where the other party has materially breached this agreement and failed to remedy such breach within a month of being given the terminating party’s notice requesting such breach to be remedied. No breach or violation of this agreement will cause this agreement or any license granted in it to terminate automatically or affect the definition of International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education.ÂÂ
7. Royalties
This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by This agreement can be terminated by the author or International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education upon two months’ notice where the other party has materially breached this agreement and failed to remedy such breach within a month of being given the terminating party’s notice requesting such breach to be remedied. No breach or violation of this agreement will cause this agreement or any license granted in it to terminate automatically or affect the definition of International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education or its sublicensee.
8. Miscellaneous
International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education will publish the article (or have it published) in the journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed and International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization, referencing and usage that it deems appropriate. The author acknowledges that the article may be published so that it will be publicly accessible and such access will be free of charge for the readers
